Box Man

1. Which means Ascher states her fundamental thought towards the finish of the paper. †The Box Man picks isolation, and he additionally affirms the basic aloneness of individual. She likewise demonstres that we can â€Å"find solice† inside ourselves. Ascher paves the way to and underpins her thought with three models †the container man picks dejection, and interestingly the two ladies whose forlornness appears unchosen. She underpins these decisions with explicit subtleties from Ascher’s perceptions †here is the place you give subtleties. 2. Reason and audienceAscher appears to have kept in touch with her article for two interlocking reasons: to show and in this manner clarify that isolation need not generally be desolate and to contend tenderly for crushing depression by turning out to be one’s own companion. In picking the Box Man as her fundamental model, she uncovers maybe a third reason also †to persuade perusers that a vagrant can have nobility and may accomplish a proportion of smugness ailing in certain individuals who do have homes. Ascher appears to accept that her perusers, similar to her are individuals with homes, individuals to whom the Box man and his life may appear to be totally foreign.She remarks on his moderate mix, secretive separation among boxes, his rankled legs and how hopeless his life looks. Working from this presumption that her perusers will discover the Box Man odd, Ascher goes to considerable lengths to show the respect of the Box man †his great structure for furniture, his similarity to suburbanites, his grandmotherly finger lings and his refusal for gifts. Ascher likewise accept some recognition with writing †and she picks female figures to outline this †all pariahs of society.Finally, Ascher appears to address individuals who know about, if not really occupants of, New York refer to: she alludes to a New York road address, a New York tram line (IRT), and the Daily News-a NY paper. Anyway perusers that don't have the foggiest idea about the writing Archer refers to, who don't know NYC are still likey to comprehend and acknowledge Ascher’s primary point.3. Strategy and Structure †Ascher’s essential help for her thought comprise of three models †explicit cases of single individuals. It permits her to show differentiating responsesâ to isolation: one individual who appears to pick it and two individuals who don’t. She builds up the models with depiction clearly depicting the Box Man and the two ladies. (refer to here) Ascher utilizes division or investigation to dismantle the components of her three character’s lives, and she depends on correlation and complexity to show the contrasts between the Box Man the other two †(refer to models )While utilizing numerous strategies to build up her thought, Ascher keeps her association genuinely straightforward. She doesn’t not start with a proper presentation or proposition proclamation yet rather begins directly off with her principle models, the motivation for her thought. In the initial seven passages she describes and portrays the Box man’s exercises. At that point she discloses what advances to her about conditions like the Box man’s and she applies those idea to what she envisions are his idea. Ascher contrasts the Box man and two other single individuals, whose lives she sees as various structure his. At long last she comes back to the Box Man and zeroes in on her principle ides.4. Language Ascher utilizes explicit language to depict her three models †she demonstrates them to us †and tells us her opinion of them. For example, the language changes for the portrayal of the Box Man to the close to the keep going section on isolation. â€Å"The Box Man wakes up in warms terms: (show models) Ascher watches him with â€Å"silent fervor† he appears â€Å"dogged by luck† he sits with â€Å"slow careà ¢â‚¬  he open the paper with â€Å"ease† interestingly, detachment seems to be a frantic state: â€Å"bland stares,† â€Å"strangers† â€Å"exile† .The complexity in language assists with stressing Ascher point about the people capacity to discover comfort in solitude.In portraying the two other singular individuals who obviously have not discovered solace in aloneness †Ascher utilizes words that underscore the greatness of time and the sterility of presence. The principal lady â€Å"drags† her dinners out and disintegrates saltines between â€Å"dry fingers†. She does not have even the knickknacks of connection †a gold fascinate arm band with picture of grandkids. The spouse with â€Å"her hair in a dim page boy,† the three fair daughters† †underlines the likely nonappearance of such scenes in the woman’s own life.Ascher once in a while utilizes inadequate sentences or parts to pressure the aggregation of subtleties or the speed of her impressions. Section 10â and 18 (refer to models from them) both of these inadequate sentences gain accentuations for Parallelism, the utilization of comparable linguistic for thoughts of equivalent significance. Albeit inadequate sentences can be hazy, these and others in Ascher’s article are clear and she utilizes them purposely and cautiously.

Marketing analysis of Bupa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Promoting examination of Bupa - Essay Example Bupa is the main supplier of private medicinal services protection and human services benefits in the UK. In view of your evaluation of Bupa’s middle of the road and longer term Objectives, and an investigation of their business and advertising condition, it would be ideal if you set up a full Marketing Plan for Bupa. Your Promoting Plan must cover every single key component including: 1. the corporate and promoting destinations 2. key full scale and smaller scale contemplations, including SWOT 3. target markets chose and corporate/brand position 4. primary parts of your suggested advertising blend system, including o Product/Services technique o Pricing technique o Channel the board o Promotional (Integrated Marketing Communications) system o the all-encompassing promoting blend 1.0 The corporate and showcasing targets at Bupa Bupa distinguishes its vital needs as: †¢ The advancement of separated items and administrations, through the arrangement of social insurance and human services advancement to permit clients to assume responsibility for their own medicinal services as a lifetime association (Bupa, 2011, p.1). †¢ Building initiative in human services: Focus is given to relationship the board identified with people, organizations, government and social insurance suppliers to improve quality and administration of the medicinal services framework and improve moderate human services administrations (Bupa). †¢ Improving nature of human services skill internationally.... Appraisal Task A: 2200 words Bupa is the main supplier of private medicinal services protection and human services benefits in the UK. In light of your evaluation of Bupa’s halfway and longer term Objectives, and an investigation of their business and promoting condition, if it's not too much trouble set up a full Marketing Plan for Bupa. Your Marketing Plan must cover every single key component including: 1. the corporate and promoting destinations 2. key full scale and small scale contemplations, including SWOT 3. target markets chose and corporate/brand position 4. primary parts of your suggested advertising blend system, including o Product/Services methodology o Pricing technique o Channel the executives o Promotional (Integrated Marketing Communications) procedure o the all-inclusive showcasing blend 1.0 The corporate and advertising destinations at Bupa distinguishes its key needs as: The advancement of separated items and administrations, through the arrangement of med icinal services and social insurance advancement to permit clients to assume responsibility for their own human services as a lifetime association (Bupa, 2011, p.1). Building authority in social insurance: Focus is given to relationship the executives identified with people, organizations, government and medicinal services suppliers to improve quality and administration of the human services framework and improve reasonable human services administrations (Bupa). Improving nature of human services mastery globally. Bupa has encountered noteworthy income development over the most recent five years, with current value at $4.37 billion. $1.18 billion of this income originates from care home administrations continuing inhabitant care for old and those with specific needs (bupa.com, 2010). As a result of the decent variety and unfathomability of the items and administrations offered, Bupa’s showcasing targets comprise of: Improve income

Columbus

Columbus Columbus. 1 City (1990 pop. 178,681), seat of Muscogee co., W Ga., at the head of navigation on the Chattahoochee River; settled and inc. 1828 on the site of a Creek village. The second largest city in the state, Columbus is a port of entry situated at the foot of a series of falls that extend more than 30 mi (48 km) and have provided extensive water power. An important industrial and shipping center with many giant textile mills (the first was built in 1838), it also has ironworks and food-processing plants. Factories produce lumber, chemicals, furniture, hospital equipment, concrete, and wood, rubber, paper, and metal products. Columbus was a busy river port until the arrival of the railroads in the 1850s. Its river traffic has been revitalized with the completion of a series of locks and dams that provide access to the Gulf of Mexico. During the Civil War, Columbus was captured by Union troops one week after Lee's surrender at Appomattox. Its industry grew with the development of 20th-century hydroelectric power plants. Many antebellum homes and Columbus College are in the city. Fort Benning is to the south. 2 City (1990 pop. 31,802), seat of Bartholomew co., S central Ind., on the East Fork of the White River; inc. 1821. Its many manufactures include transportation equipment, pharmaceutical and medical devices, food and beverages, plastics, and electronics. In the Civil War, Columbus served as a depot for Union armies. The city is known for its outstanding architecture, with many buildings designed by world-renowned architects from the late 1930s onward. 3 City (1990 pop. 23,799), seat of Lowndes co., NE Miss., on the Tombigbee River; inc. 1821. It is the trade, processing, and shipping center of a cotton, livestock, dairy, and timber area, and has marble and granite processing and diverse manufacturing. Franklin Academy, the first free school in the state, was opened in 1821. Mississippi Univ. for Women and Columbus Air Force Base are there. The city has many beautiful antebellum homes. Tennessee Williams was born there. 4 City (1990 pop. 632,910), state capital and seat of Franklin co., central Ohio, on the Scioto River; inc. as a city 1834. Ohio's largest city, it is a transportation, industrial, and trade center in a fertile farm region. Its manufactures include consumer goods, aircraft, engines, transportation equipment, glass, food, textiles, and primary metals. Government agencies and many research and educational centers are central to the economy, which expanded rapidly from the 1940s. Columbus is the seat of Ohio State Univ., Capital Univ., Ohio Dominican College, Franklin Univ., state schools for the deaf and blind, and Battelle Memorial Institute (for industrial research). Landmarks include the state capitol; the state office building and its library; Ohio State Univ.'s huge Ohio Stadium; the Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts; the Center of Science and Industry, a science museum designed by Arata Isozaki ; the postmodern convention center designed by Peter Eisenman; the library and museum of the state archaeological and historical society; the headquarters of the American Rose Society, with one of the world's largest rose gardens; Camp Chase Confederate cemetery, with the graves of soldiers who died in the Civil War prison camp there; and the vast state fair grounds. The Griggs, O'Shaughnessy, and Hoover reservoirs are centers for park and recreational activities. The city also has a professional hockey team (the Blue Jackets), racetracks, and a variety of annual cultural events. Columbus was laid out as state capital in 1812 but did not take over the government from Chillicothe until 1816. Its growth was stimulated by the development of transportation facilitiesâ€"a feeder canal to the Ohio and Erie Canal, which was opened in 1831; the National Road, which reached the city in 1833; and the railroad, which arrived in 1850. See G. E. Condon, Yesterday's Columbus (1977). The C olumbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Do Bees Die After Stinging

According to folklore, a bee can only sting you once, and then  it dies. ​But is that true? Heres an examination of the science behind bee stings, what to do if you are stung, and how to avoid stings. Most Bees Can Sting Again Bee stings are common and painful, but they are rarely deadly. Fatalities occur each year to 0.03-0.48 people per 1 million, making the probability of dying from a sting by hornets, wasps, or bees about the same as being struck by lightning. Bee stings typically result in brief, localized, limited inflammation and pain around the site. If you have ever been stung by a bee, you may have taken some satisfaction in believing the bee was on a suicide mission when it stung you. But do bees die after stinging someone? The answer depends on the bee. Honey bees die after they sting, but other bees, hornets, and wasps can sting you and live to sting another day—and another victim. Purpose of Venom The purpose of the bees stinger element, called the ovipositor, is to lay eggs in largely unwilling invertebrate hosts. Venom secretions are intended to temporarily or permanently paralyze the host. Among honeybees (Apis genera) and bumble bees (Bombus), only the queen lays eggs; other female bees use their ovipositors as defensive weapons against other insects and people. But honeycombs, where honey bee larvae are deposited and develop, are often coated with bee venom. Research has revealed that antimicrobial elements in honey bee venom provide newborn bees with protection from diseases due to the venom bathing they receive while in the larval stage. How Stings Work A sting occurs when a female bee or wasp lands  on your skin and uses her ovipositor against you. During the sting, the bee pumps venom into you from attached venom sacs through the needle-like portion of the sting apparatus called the stylus. The stylus is situated between two lancets with barbs. When a bee or wasp stings you, the lancets become embedded in your skin. As they alternately push and pull the stylus in your flesh, the venom sacs pump venom into your body. In most bees, including  native solitary bees and the social bumblebees, the lancets are fairly smooth. They have tiny barbs, which help the bee grab and hold the victims flesh when it stings, but the barbs are easily retractable so the bee can withdraw its stinger. The same is true for wasps. Most bees and wasps can sting you, pull out the stinger, and fly off before you can yell Ouch! So solitary bees, bumblebees, and wasps do not die when they sting you. Why Honey Bees Die After Stinging In honey bee workers, the stinger has fairly large, backward-facing barbs on the lancets. When the worker bee stings you, these barbs dig into your flesh, making it impossible for the bee to pull its stinger back out. As the bee flies off, the entire stinging apparatus—venom sacs, lancets, and stylus—is pulled from the bees abdomen and left in your skin. The honey bee dies as a result of this abdominal rupture. Because honey bees live in large, social colonies, the group can afford to sacrifice a few members in defense of their hive. What to Do for a Honey Bee Sting If you get stung by a honey bee, remove the stinger as quickly as possible. Even detached from the bee, those venom sacs will continue to pump venom into you: more venom equals more pain. Traditional sources say you should fetch something flat and stiff, like a credit card, to scrape the stinger off rather than pinching the stinger to remove it. However, unless you happen to be holding a credit card at the time of the sting, its better to get it out of your skin quickly. If that takes a pinch, pinch away. Avoiding Bee Stings The best course of action is to avoid getting stung by bees. If youre outside, dont wear scented lotions or applications (soaps, hairsprays, oils). Dont wear brightly colored clothing, and by all means, dont bring along a can of sweet soda or juice. Wear a hat and long pants to avoid looking like a furry predator. If a bee comes near you, stay calm; dont swat at it or flail your hands in the air. If it lands on you, gently blow on it to make it fly away. Remember, bees dont sting for fun. They do so only when they feel threatened or are defending their nests. In most cases, bees will choose flight over fight. Sources Baracchi, David; Francese, Simona; and Turillazzi, Stefano. Beyond the Antipredatory Defence: Honey Bee Venom Function as a Component of Social Immunity. Toxicon.Moreau, Sà ©bastien J. M. It Stings a Bit but It Cleans Well†: Venoms of Hymenoptera and Their Antimicrobial Potential. Journal of Insect Physiology.Visscher, P. Kirk; Vetter, Richard S.; and Camazine, Scott. Removing Bee Stings. The Lancet.Bee Stings, University of Illinois  Department of Entomology.

Essay about Anti-Depressants and Teen Suicide - 2777 Words

Abstract Two percent of preteens and five percent of adolescents suffer from depression (www.about-teen-depression.com 2014). There are specific signs and symptoms associated with depression, which are helpful in detection of the illness. There are various ways to treat depression, such as medication, group therapy, and/or herbal supplements. There are pros and cons with each treatment, but the worst coincides with the medication –suicide. Much research has been conducted, which will be discussed in the paper that has shown a link to antidepressants and suicide. However, there is also evidence that the suicide rate could be decreased with proper diagnosis and early, supervised treatment for depression, especially when dealing with†¦show more content†¦There are still several options for treatment that you must choose from, as well as having to deal with side effects that accompany each treatment. Of all the treatments, antidepressants tend to have the most side effect s. Some of the side effects common to all three types of antidepressants are: anxiety, vomiting, confusion, chest pain, blurred vision, irritability, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, headache, and nervousness (Cheung et al. 2003, Vanderkooy et al. 2002). Some other, more severe, side effects are difficulty urinating, decreased appetite, heart complications, and suicide (Simon and Stern 2003 - Review). It is the last side effect, suicide, which has recently caused some controversy within the medical field. With recent research showing a correlation between antidepressants and suicide, as well as the FDA ordering warning labels for suicide on antidepressant medication, physicians have to be careful prescribing the drugs, especially to children and adolescents. Statistics show suicide to be the third leading cause of death among 13-19 year olds, with approximately 6000 suicide deaths each year (Dickinson 1999). Because of statistics like this, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) researchers are vying to find interventions to help prevent suicide among children and adolescents. However, until then, the best prevention appears to lie in early diagnosisShow MoreRelatedAnti Depressants in Teens727 Words   |  3 PagesAre anti-depressants a medication or a mental steroid?† (Kramer). For many years there has been an ongoing talk about anti-depressants. The big question is, are they really a cure for depression or just a mental steroid. An anti-depressant is a medication used to treat depression and other anxiety disorders. When proscribed to children and teens there can be severe side effects such as an increased chance to commit suicide or have suicidal thoughts or actions. This risk of suicide is higher forRead Moreâ€Å"Dy ing Before Their Time: The Startling Trends in Adolescent Suicide†1217 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), suicide is the third leading cause of death for adolescents aged 15-24 years old. This calculates to 33,000 adolescents killing themselves each year (CDC, 2010). The National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL), reported that suicide amongst all individuals nation wide has declined over all, but despite the decline, adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 have shown suicide rates that has increased by 6 percent (NCSL, 2005). The mostRead MoreTeen Suicide Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide is the act or an instance of taking one’s life. Many different factors can cause suicide such as, bullying, mental disorders, or other complicated situations. Over the years, teen suicide ratings have been steadily increasing. For young people in the United States, suicide is ranked the second in the leading cause of death . Society needs to bring more awareness to this issue. There should be more awareness on how to identify suicidal people, the risk factors, and ways to prevent suicideRead MoreDepression in Adolescents1561 Words   |  7 Pagessign is that of suicidal thoughts (King and Vidorek, 2012). Treatments for depression among children vary including antidepressants, behavioral activation, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and depression prevention methods. Anti-depressants most described include Flueoxitine or other serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Studies show that drugs like Prozac, a Flueoxitine has been successful in treating depression. On the contrary, drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclicsRead MoreAn Effective Treatment For Teenage Depression1705 Words   |  7 Pagesreceive treatment (Teen Help 2015). Depression is a highly treatable disease with treatments ranging from therapy to the use of prescribed medication. Recent studies have shown that healthy lifestyle changes can also be an effective treatment for teenage depression and is a much cheaper alternative to more expensive treatment options. A healthy lifestyle can alter one’s brain chemistry thus improving teens mental health, and through healthful eating and daily exercise adolescents and teens can treat andRead MoreEssay on Causes of Depression in the Millennial Generation1523 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of Depression in the Millennial Generation Depression has possibly at one time affected or currently affects almost every living individual worldwide. Kids, teens, and young adults in the twentieth century were always identified as more susceptible to feeling depressed, typically due to nothing more than normal changes of physical and mental maturity. However, in her book Generation Me, Jean M. Twenge addresses that â€Å"being young has not always carried such a high risk of being anxious, depressedRead MoreHow to Prevent Depression and Suicide Among Teens751 Words   |  4 Pagesadolescents commit suicide each year, and the U.S. Society often ignores the signs leading up to teen suicide. Then they notice when it’s too late. Unfortunately, we say â€Å"We didn’t see the signs†, and we blame society, however, we don’t realize that we are society. Words probably hurt us more than anything else. Bullying can push someone to their breaking point, leading them to believe that they aren’t wort h it, and they start thinking about suicide. Statistics show that suicide is the second leadingRead MoreSsri s For Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor1651 Words   |  7 Pagesappearance. It is also common that children may also begin using drugs or alcohol, especially if they are over the age of twelve. Suicide is a very real concern in today’s young depressed population young, it is a fact that children do attempt suicide (Stone, 2014). Many children may do so impulsively when they are upset or angry. Girls are more likely to attempt suicide, but boys are more likely to actually kill themselves when they make an attempt. Depression has become a very problematic mentalRead MoreDoes Antidepressants Use in Teenagers Increase Suicide Rates?1039 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Teen depression is a serious condition that can be a devastating problem for both the child and parent. It is a disorder that reduces their moods thus causing loss of interest in things they should enjoy and make them irritable. In this literature review we are going to examine the use of antidepressants to treat teen depression. It will also look at the risks of suicides increased as a result of taking antidepressants and the measures taken to reduce this problem. Can antidepressantsRead More Teenagers and Suicide Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagesdeath amongst teenagers: Suicide Did you know that suicide is currently the third leading cause of death among teenagers in the United States? (4). In 1992, more teenagers and young adults died from suicide than those who died from stroke, cancer, heart disease, AIDS, birth defects, pneumonia, influenza and chronic lung disease combined (4). Suicide is definitely a compelling problem amongst youth in the U.S today. It is estimated that 300 to 400 teen suicides occur per year in Los Angeles

Deception Ethics in Mediation Free Essays

One of the basic tenets of the mediation process is that, as far as possible, everything that is said is truthful. Under this assumption, the mediation process will be an attempt to resolve two different views of the truth. However, what happens when there is intent to deceive on the part of one of the participants, or worse yet on the part of the mediator? This is a complex issue that cannot be determined solely by considering the foundations of ethics or of the practice of mediation. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Ethics in Mediation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, the issue must be understood from a dual perspective of the ethical appropriateness of deception and its potential usefulness within mediation. Ethically, there can be no question – neither a Kantian nor a utilitarian ethical approach allow for the use of commonplace lies in mediation. However, from the perspective of human relationships, it must be accounted for that people do deceive, and that it is part of our communications and social fabric. Thus, there is a dual ethical position for deception in the mediation process – while morally it is wrong, pragmatically it is commonly used and may be useful for helping negotiating parties to come to a decision. In order to clearly understand this argument, it is important to understand what deception is. A naive understanding of deception is that it is simply lying, which is certainly included. However, there are a number of other elements of deception, as well. One formal definition of deception that could be used is â€Å"a successful or unsuccessful deliberate attempt, without forewarning, to create in another a belief that the communicator considers to be untrue in order to increase the communicator’s payoff at the expense of the other side (Gneezy 386). This definition is useful because it includes a number of key characteristics for understanding deception. First, it is deliberate – that is, the deceiver is not simply misinformed or lacking in information. Second, is an attempt to create a belief in the other person; without this intent, it is difficult to say whether something is truly an expanse at deception. Third, it is an attempt to influence the outcomes of the decision, rather than simply being for no purpose or for some other purpose. Finally, the attempt at deception may be either successful or unsuccessful, and thus even if the negotiation partner figures out what information is being withheld, it is still incorrect. This definition can be extended by common knowledge examples of deception, such as lying actively; lying by omission; and manipulation of data and statistics. Krivis (1) identified a spectrum of deceptive practices that can be further used to understand this concept, including: â€Å"Honesty, Exaggeration, White lies, Partial Disclosure, Silence As to Other Party’s Mistake, False Excuses, [and] Fraud. These types of deception are of course not mutually exclusive, but may be seen in combination with each other. Also, as Krivis (1) noted, many of these behaviors are common within our society and do not even pose a significant moral quandary for the majority of those that undertake them. There are also distinct philosophical approaches to deception that address the ethical approaches and considerations. The two main ethical approaches to deception can be characterized as Kantian, or virtue-based, and utilitarian. In the Kantian view, lying is always wrong, because it violates the moral imperative (Alexander and Sherwin 396-397). That is, â€Å"lying is an offense to all humanity, and, most importantly, to the liar himself (Alexander and Sherwin 397)† because it promotes falsehood and uses the liar’s intellect in a debased manner. The utilitarian view is not as absolute, but it still does not cede that lying is an acceptable moral choice most of the time (Alexander and Sherwin 398). Specifically, the potential gain from the lie must be greater than the harm caused to society from the lie in order to be morally defensible. However, given that lies â€Å"degrade the background trust that supports human interaction (Alexander and Sherwin 398),† this is a very high bar for the benefits of lying to overcome its consequences, even under the utilitarian ethical structure. Thus, it is clear from a pure ethical analysis that the use of deception in negotiation is wrong. However, it should be noted â€Å"professional rules of ethics simply require negotiators to abide by the morality of the marketplace, rather than the rules of law (Krivis 3). † Thus, neither a strictly legalistic nor a strictly legalistic approach to deception is demanded. It should be noted that not all fields of study take an ethical approach to deception, but sometimes use a more pragmatic approach. For example, in classical economics deception is often seen as an attempt to increase the payout from n economic transaction, in which individuals will engage if the incentive is high enough to do so (Gneezy 384). This approach could best be described as a utilitarian or consequentialist approach, in which what is most important is the outcome, rather than the intent of the lie (Gneezy 384). This approach is similar to many such approaches used in mediation analysis, in which rather than taking a normative view regarding what people should do, theoretical and pragmatic approaches to deception deal with what people do – that is, they use deception routinely (Krivis 1). The use of deception is highly context-dependent and may not always occur, but it should always be considered in the range of possibilities for how a negotiation will occur (Krivis 2). The question of whether deception is ethical in a mediation context should be asked not only within the context of a philosophical framework that is applied generally, but also within the framework of mediation itself. Given the nature of mediation, it is natural that considerable research has been done into the area of deception and its effects. There is no question that deception is a commonly used tactic in mediation, and that it works. One study compared the uses of deception in negotiating dyads, comparing its use in competitive and less competitive negotiation frames (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2123). The researchers found that competitive negotiators, or those that engaged in highly aggressive tactics intended to promote their own point of view, used both deceptive and non-deceptive negotiating tactics in order to achieve their goals. In particular, they were found to use deception both more aggressively and to a greater degree than cooperative negotiators (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2137). Thus, this cannot be questioned. However, this finding does not make a clear statement regarding why this would be undesirable; there is nothing inherently wrong with one side or another prevailing in a mediation discussion, and so the evidence against deception must be stronger than it simply being a path to winning a negotiation. This evidence can be found in the effects of the deceptive behavior on perceptions and outcomes also found by this study. The study found evidence that the use of deception influenced the other party’s beliefs about the negotiating situation, leading to an estimation of the deceiver’s situation that was significantly different from reality (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2137-38). Significantly, the researchers found that even though the negotiators paired with a competitive negotiator were disbelieving regarding the claims made, they still were not able to determine what the actual situation of the negotiation was. Finally, the use of deception on the part of one negotiator resulted in a less positive outcome for the other participant. Specifically, it resulted in a change in the ultimate decision of the non-deceiving negotiator, a transfer in the surplus received from the non-deceiving negotiator to the deceiving negotiator, and an increase in the amount of profit received by deceivers as compared to those that did not use a deceptive strategy (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2139). This clearly demonstrates the shift in value that is seen in cases where mediation and negotiation is accompanied by deception. While one party has benefited, the other party, which has been exposed to deception without warning beforehand, has been harmed. Thus, there is a distinctly negative outcome that can be seen from the use of negotiation in this context. There are certainly problems in implementing an ethical prohibition against lying in the mediation context. This is not unique to mediation, however. In the legal context, deception is not treated as strictly as it could be. It is generally considered under a utilitarian ethic, rather than a Kantian ethic (Alexander and Sherwin 394); that is, there may be considered to be some justification for lying if the greater number of people is served. However, as Alexander and Sherwin (394) noted, the penalties for lying in a legal context are not commonly as strict as those that would be promoted by a pure utilitarian philosophy. Although there are a number of potential reasons for this, such as the cost and infeasibility of enforcement, Alexander and Sherwin (394) posited that this might also be because of the recognition that lying may at times be beneficial in a legal context. However, this does not mean that in an ethical sense, this position has to be accepted in mediation. In fact, if it is accepted that one of the purposes of mediation is to come to effective solutions without involvement of the legal system, and then this calls for a noticeably different approach to the use of deception. However, the legal approach to deception is actually highly relevant to mediation, because of the frequent use of lawyers by parties in the mediation process. As Krivis (2) notes, there are a number of specific approaches that lawyers use in order to achieve their negotiation goals, although these approaches need to be carefully managed in order not to venture into fraud. Some of the potential deceptions that may be found in this context include exaggeration (for example, exaggerating the strength of the case); being deceptive about intent to settle; and inflating the settlement expectation in order to achieve a better outcome (Krivis 2). It is clear that currently mediation practices and ethics do not prohibit the use of deception, as long as it does not venture into specific areas such as fraud. However, should this be prohibited? Evidence discussed above indicates that deception can be used to unfairly rich one party at the expense of another, offering one reason why this should be the case. Another reason for a stronger prohibition against deception is the cross-professional nature of many mediators, who also play roles as lawyers, social workers, and other professions (Laflin 479). Given that these professions have vastly different ethical standards and practices, it would be to the benefit of the mediation profession to have a specific set of ethical expectations that could be promoted. Laflin (480) notes that lawyer-mediators may have particular difficulty with the ethical concerns inherent in mediation, given the relative focus on adversarial rather than cooperative outcomes. The implementation of stronger prohibition against deception would certainly be one way in which the norms of mediation, rather than the norms of courtroom argumentation, could be enforced. However, this does raise the question of how this prohibition against deception could be implemented and enforced. Given the relatively accepted nature of deception in many of its more subtle forms, it would be difficult to determine how this could be implement with any great degree of success. Deception, commonly understood as lying, can be understood as a range of more subtle behaviors that reflect a range of potential manipulations of implementation. Deception is commonly accepted from an economic point of view and routinely engaged in, even though using a strict ethical evaluation it cannot be defended except under very severe circumstances. However, the mediation environment must deal not only with the philosophical question of correctness, but in the outcomes of mediation and the effects that are seen from deception. Research has shown that the use of deception in negotiation leads to a transfer of surplus from the non-deceptive party to the deceptive party, which provides a clear rationale for why, under a pragmatic viewpoint, deception would also be a negative activity. However, in practice deception is commonly accepted both within the legal system and within mediation practices, as long as this deception does not venture into fraud. There are a number of potential reasons for this, including the acceptability of deceptive practices such as exaggeration and white lies within the wider society and the requirement that lawyers should protect the interests of their client. There is certainly justification for reform of mediation norms and ethics in order to prevent the use of deception. However, given the difficulty that is involved in detecting fraud, this may be a very difficult reform to make. Deception is not acceptable in every situation. Deception in negotiation can provide a bargaining advantage. Deception in negotiation can also come at a cost. How to cite Deception Ethics in Mediation, Essay examples

People V. Larry Flynt Essay Example For Students

People V. Larry Flynt Essay The movie of focus, People vs. Larry Flynt, is a film by Milos Forman which stars Woody Harrelson as Flynt. Larry Flynt is the president and publisher of Hustler magazine. Hustler is sort of the Mad magazine of written pornography which was started in the early 1970s. The interest for me was seeing how this movie depicts the sexual exploitation of women in the sex industry with a specific look at how the material devalues women. The movie starts out in 1952 with a young Larry Flynt along with his younger brother peddling moonshine somewhere in Kentucky. Twenty years later they own a strip club in Cincinnati, Ohio called Hustler. Larry says, If we could let people know what great lays these girls are, wed have something. His magazine begins with an idea of a Hustler newsletter containing only a few double sided pages of written and nudie material geared for men on the go. From there he built a million dollar porn magazine which today is sold globally. The moral majority protested heavily against Flynt and his magazine on grounds that the material was corrupting peoples thoughts and actions. Keep in mind, Playboy magazine was legally operating at this time. The difference between the two magazines was not that they contain nude pictures of women but the quality of the pictures themselves. Hustlers pictures were more vivid, real and risky; Playboys pictures were more artsy geared for an upper class man. Hustler also included pictures and stories of the sexual acts like bestiality. Flynt raised eyebrows and dropped jaws with every issue of his magazine, but one issue in particular really got peoples attention. In this issue, the magazine targeted the Reverend Jerry Falwell, former president of the Moral Majority, in a liquor ad parody recounting his first time. The ad featured Falwells first time with his mother in an outhouse. Falwell sued Flynt for libel, invasion of privacy, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Hearin g this Flynt counter sued which ultimately brought this case to the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1988, the high court ruled unanimously in Flynts favor. As you can imagine, the ruling exacerbated the controversy further among the moral majority, feminist, and freedom lovers across the nation. After viewing this movie, I decided to redirect my research from how pornography devalues women to the controversial issue of the high courts decision. I found that probably the biggest groups to debate censorship of pornography are those feminist groups. However, they dont agree as a whole; the groups are split in half. Some feminists believe that pornography doesnt degrade women; it empowers them and censorship of things like pornography would only bring further discrimination. On the other hand, we have those right winged feminist who sincerely believe that degradation of women in pornography leads to criminal acts such as rape. They only reach a consensus in regards to strengthening their 1st Amendment Right by protesting against pornography or supporting it. Unsure of my opinion on the correlation of pornography and rape, I considered two articles: (1) Egalitarian, sexist, and aggressive sexual materials: attitude effects and viewer responses; and (2) Mens enjoyment of explicit erotica: effects of person-specific attitudes and gender-specific norms. In the first article, research on sexual attitudes was conducted among a sample of college students in Syracuse University. Hypothesis one was that both sexist and sexually aggressive scenes would increase acceptance of sexist attitudes; Hypthothesis two was that only sexually aggressive scenes would increase acceptance of rape myths and sexual coercion (Bauserman, 1988). Study one was conducted to identify the ways in which the sample described what sexism and sexual aggression meant to the sample. The second study examined change in attitude. Hypothesis one was weakly supported. Hypothesis two was totally rejected. This wasnt surprising to me. The idea that there is more correlation than th at is absurd, because violence is not sexual in any way. It is simply an act of empowerment over another individual using coercive means of doing so. In the case of rape, it is a sexual invasion to achieve a sense of domineering gratification for the offender over the victim to intentionally inflict harm. Therefore, rape and sex or sexuality can not be linked together. The second article focuses on the definitional differences between erotica and pornography. These two terms are commonly misconstrued in an industry such as pornography. By dictionary terms, erotica is defined as of, devoted to, or tending to arouse sexual love or desire, erotica as literary or artistic work having an erotic theme or quality (Lopez, 1995). Almost alike, pornography is defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement(1995). Studies were conducted to measure men and womens responses to sexually explicit material and to see whether gender-specific norms had anything to do w ith the enjoyment exhibited from several slides. The investigator approached person-specific attitude studies using an Erotophobia-Erotophilia terms which are defined as the disposition to respond to sexual cues along a negative-positive dimension of affect and evaluation (1995). The idea was that the enjoyment of the explicit material would be influenced by an individuals person-specific attitude. Lopez argues that the difference of gender-specific norms of males and females in sex is positively correlated with the enjoyment of sexually explicit materials. More specifically, gender-specific sexual norms for men allow more freedom for them to view the material and to express their supported desire openly through masturbation for example. Womens gender-specific sexual norms are more inhibited. This hypotheses were supported through his research. .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .postImageUrl , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:visited , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:active { border:0!important; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:active , .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufd0ed5d640e99c66ca33f01e05812e3c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Since the dawn of human existence and literally th EssayWith the above said, it is safe to indulge deeper symbolically to give some meaning to why there is a double standard of sex between men and women. Perhaps women are supposed to be more conservative according to societal sexual norms. When a women dresses more provocatively, or she is promiscuous, she is referred to derogatorily. When the same situations for men are considered, its just a part of his manly hood. This could give some insight to why rape victims attain a sense of self responsibility for the rape or why some people think a women, a prostitute for example, might deserve a violation of rape because they br ought it on themselves. The fact about pornography is that it illustrates material that is brought from the private sphere to the public. It illustrates personal sexual material that defies what it considered moral among people with deep religious belief. Perhaps the major problem with pro-sex feminism has been its failure to embrace the mens magazines (Paglia, 1996). Do you think that if women participated actively in supporting porn magazines people wouldnt be so conservative about sexual ideas? Do you think if there was a balance in pornographic material among men and women alike there would be debate about the devaluation of women? I think sexual attitudes would become more liberal and women and men might find common interest with each other in that aspect. It would open doors sexually for couples in bedrooms. I disagree with the moral majority that pornography corrupts the mind and body. I believe if an individual is socialized knowing the difference in erotica and pornography there would be a deeper u nderstanding of sexual exploration and whats all involved including whats deviant. The movie, People vs. Larry Flynt, is really about 1st Amendment Rights. However, I found it thought provoking in regards to the big debate between Anti-porn feminists and those freedom lovers who think that an opposing decision of the Supreme Court in this particular case could have meant the abolishment of all 1st Amendment Rights to everyone no matter what the subject. Pornography in this case is simply a matter of taste not law. ReferencesBauserman, Robert. Egalitarian, sexist, and aggressive sexual materials: attitude effects and viewer responses. The Journal of Sex Research. V. 35, no.3 (1998). P. 244-53. Formon, Milos, dir. People vs. Larry Flynt. With Woody Harrelson and Edward Norton. Columbia Pictures, 1996. Lopez, Peter A.; George, William H. Mens enjoyment of explicit erotica: effects of person-specific attitudes and gender-specific norms. The Journal of Sex Research v. 32, no. 4 (1995). P. 275-88. Spalding, Alison D. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Gender Studies. Is The Sex Industry Harmful to Women? Ed. Camille Paglia. Dushkin/McGraw-Hill, 1998. 66-73.